International Conference on Targeting Diabetes and Novel Therapeutics September 14-16, 2015 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

Gamal Badawy is a graduate of Birmingham University,UK, in 2003. Currently, he is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Embryology in the Department Zoology, Faculty of Science, at Menoufiya University, Egypt. He has published more than 20 papers and abstracts in reputed journals. He is serving as a Reviewer for six journals.

Objective: To investigate the possible ameliorative effect of crude water extract of Morus alba leaves on developmental defects of cervical spinal cord in 14 days rat pups maternally subjected to diabetes and/or Al intoxication. Materials & Methods: Seventy fertile male and virgin female rats were used. The pregnant rats were arranged into seven groups and their pups were sacrificed at 14 days old. Cervical spinal cord was separated and subjected for light and TEM examination as well as DNA fragmentation. Results: At the histological level, the central canal appeared congested with marked hyperplasia of their ependymal cells in pups of diabetic mother. Edematous lesions were detected within neuronal cells of the grey matter. Different cytopathological alterations including vacuolation, pyknosis and chromatolysis of neuronal cells were detected. However, pups maternally diabetic and received Morus alba extract showed marked amelioration of the histological structure including arrangement of ependymal cells and improvement of multipolar motor neuronal cells. At TEM level, an increase of nuclei with clumped chromatin material and irregular nuclear envelope was evident. The RER become vesiculated and disrupted throughout the cytoplasm. The mitochondria appeared swollen and degenerated. White matter possessed variable reduction of demyelinated axons. Vacuolation of myelinated axons and edematous lesions were detected. Highest amelioration was detected in those of diabetic mother treated with Morus alba comparing with the other experimental groups. Neuronal cells of both diabetic and/or Al intoxicated mothers possessed genomic DNA fragmentation. Highest incidence of genomic DNA fragmentation was markedly increased in pups of Al intoxicated mothers alone or in combination with diabetes. On the other hand pups of mother received Morus alba besides either Al intoxication and/or diabetes revealed resolution of DNA damage. Conclusion: The present study proved that Morus alba leaves extract has an ameliorative effect against developmental defects of cervical spinal cord.

John Gleisner completed his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota and postdoctoral studies from the University of Iowa. His first career following graduate school was at the Virginia Mason Research Center in Seattle, WA. He later moved into industry where he is currently the Science Director at ARKRAY Factory in USA. Gleisner has spent nearly 30 years working on blood glucose system development and support. He has authored over 25 publications and holds 11 US patents.

Background: Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems (BGMS) are a critical tool used in the management of diabetes. The gold standard in measuring the accuracy of BGMS in the testing of diabetes mellitus is known as the ISO 15197:2013. The level of accuracy of the BGMS results in the ability to regulate an individual’s blood glucose levels. According to the ISO 15197:2013, system accuracy performance criteria is defined as 95% of the BGMS results falling within ±15mg/dL of the reference analyzer results with glucose concentrations less than 100 mg/dL. For samples with glucose concentrations ≥100 mg/dL, 95% of the BGMS results need to be within 15% of the reference analyzer results. Furthermore 99% of all results are required to be in the A and B zones of the Consensus Error Grid. Purpose: The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether the GLUCOCARD® Shine aligns with the ISO 15197:2013 BGMS accuracy performance requirements. Methods: Two lots of GLUCOCARD® Shine blood glucose test strips were evaluated for performance and bias comparison (n=240 data points). The samples were collected from the fingertip of confirmed diabetics by trained personnel at the ARKAY Factory, Inc. in Minneapolis, MN. Reference values were obtained using the YSI Model 2300 Analyzer. The data was analyzed using the minimum system accuracy performance criteria published in the ISO 15197:2013. Results: The results showed that 100% of the <100 mg/dL samples (13/13) were within ±15 mg/dL thus meeting the 95% accuracy criteria. 99.1% of the ≥ 100mg/dL samples (n=225/227) fell within the pre-determined 15% which met the 95% performance criteria. All data were within the A and B zones of the Consensus Error Grid. The overall bias was –2.7% demonstrating strong agreement between the GLUCOCARD® Shine and YSI reference analyzer results, which is considered the gold standard glucose assay for BGMS studies. The correlation coefficient (r) = 0.98 demonstrates a strong linear relationship between the YSI reference method and the meter results. Conclusion: The data acquired on the GLUCOCARD® Shine met the ISO 15197:2013 system accuracy performance criteria, the most stringent BGMS requirement in the monitoring of diabetes mellitus.

John Gleisner completed his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota and postdoctoral studies from the University of Iowa. His first career following graduate school was at the Virginia Mason Research Center in Seattle, WA. He later moved into industry where he is currently the Science Director at ARKRAY Factory in USA. Gleisner has spent nearly 30 years working on blood glucose system development and support. He has authored over 25 publications and holds 11 US patents.

Background: It is important that a Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS) is easy to use since it is a critical tool in the self-management of diabetes. The ability to regulate one’s blood glucose levels decreases their risk for potential micro and macrovascular complications. As part of FDA 510(k) approval process for BGMS in the self-monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus, Ease of Use criterion is evaluated with questionnaires following participation in the clinical trial. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the Ease of Use for the GLUCOCARD® 01 BGMS and its new 01 SENSOR PLUS test strip. Methods: A total of 150 subjects evaluated the GLUCOCARD® 01 BGMS and 01 SENSOR PLUS test strip by answering a questionnaire directed at Ease of Use of the device and test strip. All of the subjects responded to the topics in the questionnaire with the exception of one (1) subject not responding to Removing Test Strip from Meter and five (5) subjects not evaluating Checking Meter Memory. Multiple topics were covered in the questionnaire including: Meter Set-Up, Inserting a Test Strip into Meter; Removing Test Strip from Meter; Performing a Blood Glucose Test; Reading Meter Display and Checking Meter Memory. The subjects were asked to rate the topics as Very Easy, Easy, Ok, Difficult or Very Difficult. For evaluation purposes these topics were grouped as Positive [Very Easy/Easy/Ok] and Negative [Difficult/Very Difficult]. Results: The first question addressing Meter Set-Up scored a 98.0% positive rating. Inserting a Test Strip into Meter and Removing Test Strip from Meter consecutively received a 98.7% positive rating. Performing a Blood Glucose Test was rated Very Easy/Easy/Ok by 99.3% of the subjects. Reading a Meter Display scored a 98.7% positive rating. The Checking Meter Memory received a 95.2% positive rating. Conclusion: The GLUCOCARD® 01 BGMS and 01 SENSOR PLUS test strip scored an overall average rating of 98.1% participants considering the BGMS to be Ok to Very Easy to use.

Nikita Naicker has completed her undergraduate degree in Biomedical Sciences, Honours degree in Medical Biochemistry and Masters in Medical Science (Medical Biochemistry) from the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN). She is currently in her first year of PhD at UKZN. She has currently submitted a manuscript to the Journal of Phytomedicine.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is globally recognized for its medicinal properties and hypoglycaemic effects. The seed extractas well as its active compound, 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-lle), have been shown to reduce hyperglycaemia insulin resistance. The mechanism by which this occurs has not been investigated in human liver cells (HepG2) in comparison to the anti-hyperglycaemic drug, metformin. We investigated the effect of fenugreek aqueous seed extract (FSE), 4-OH-lle and metforminin human hepatoma HepG2 cellsrelative to insulin as a positive control. Cells were treated with FSE and 4-OH-lle at 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml under normoglycaemic (5 mM glucose) and hyperglycaemic (30 mM glucose) conditions for 72 h. Tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β (IR-β), protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β (GSK-3α/β) was determined by western blotting. Gene expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), glycogen synthase (GS) and glucokinase (GK) was evaluated by qPCR and supernatant glucose levels were measured using the Picollo Biochemistry Analyser. Under normo- and hyperglycaemic conditions, FSE, 4-OH-lle, insulin (100 ng/ml) and metformin (2 mM) caused a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IR-β, Akt and GSK-3α/β. Glucose uptake, however, was most significantly increased in FSE treated cells during normo-and hyperglycaemic conditions. FSE induced the most significant changes in downstream insulin signaling, GS, GK, SREBP1c and GLUT2 expression as compared to 4-OH-lle, metformin and insulin. Also, FSE significantly increased glucose uptake. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanism by which FSE exerts anti-hyperglycaemic effects similar to metformin and insulin occurs via enhanced insulin signaling, gene expression and increasing glucose uptake.

Harshitha Kamatham is studying final year part-1 in Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool. She is very individualistic and hard working person. She ranked top 2 in schooling and scored 94% in all my academic endeavors. She has passion in doing medical research in fields of endocrinology particularly diabetes mellitus.

Back ground and Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disease with variable degree of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Intensified insulin therapy ( IIT) with pre prandial regular insulin and long acting insulin overnight is superior to conventional insulin therapy (CIT) with pre mixed regular and long acting insulin twice a day for glycaemic control. Materials & Methods: 606 type 2 diabetes patients with insulin resistance, aged 40-50 years, duration of diabetes 5-6 years and taking insulin are taken up for the study from the daily O.P. of Diabetes research center, sainagar, Anantapur,, A.P. India, from march 2014 to June 2015.patients with two or less injections per day are regarded as CIT and more than 2 insulin injections per day as IIT. B.P., body weight, B.M.I, HbA1c are studied at the beginning of the study and 6 months later. Results: CIT - n =167,Iit -n = 439. Patients receiving CIT at baseline had lower weight (p<0.05), B.M.I (p<0.05) and B.P.(p<0.05). At re-examination after 6 months both groups had significantly lower HbA1c (p<0.001) body weight (p<0.001) and B.M.I (p<0.001).B.P. control was significant in patients with IIT (p<0.001). Conclusion: Metabolic control in terms of HbA1c does not differ between IIT and CIT but B.P control and quality of life was significantly better in patients receiving IIT.

The use of electrical stimulation was approved as an adjuvant treatment for non-healing ulcers in 2002. A known case of bullous pemphigoid (BP) patient refered to our diabetic foot clinic and after two sessions using electrical stimulation, revealed a bullous eruption in a large size in his leg. In literature there is a lack of information about bullous induced case by electrical stimulation in pemphigoid diabetic patients. Further studies are required to validate our observations and fully explain the pathogenesis and identify all triggers.

She has been working as a researcher and diabetic foot manager in Endocrine & Metabolism Research Institute - Tehran University of Medical Sciences for many years. She has published some papers in reputed journals in field of diabetes and foot ulcer.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that plat key roles in regulation of metabolic homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to determine the action mechanism the anti-diabetic effect of the Centipedegrass extracts (CGE) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and high-fat diet model mice through the regulation of PPARγ. Treatment with 100 μg/ml CGE significantly increased the uptake of 2-NBDG in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. We found that the transcriptional activity of PPARγ was increased by CGE. However, CGE did not alter the transcription levels of PPARγ. In addition, we determined phosphorylation and expression levels of other molecules for glucose metabolism, such as IRS-1, Akt, and Glut4. The CGE increased both the phosphorylation and expression levels of these proteins in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The CGE improved the glucose tolerance observed in the HFD fed mice. This study shows that the CGE exerted an anti-diabetic effect by targeting PPARγ signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. In addition, the CGE improved the glucose tolerance and abnormal increase in body weight observed in the HFD fed mice without toxicity. Therefore, the CGE should be useful for preventing and treatment diabetes. Further studies are needed to determine what contained single compound from the CGE exerts the anti-diabetes effect both in vitro and in vivo.